[139], Nouns cases are found in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic. ), (additional Cushitic alternants *-br- and *-br-), (stem + *r n. Published 1995 Linguistics This work provides the first truly comprehensive and systematic reconstruction of proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian). Yendang p-North Bauchi Well-known Afroasiatic languages include Arabic, Ancient Egyptian, Somali, Tuareg, and Hausa. [22] Other scholars, however, argue that they are a group of around twelve languages, about as different from each other as the Romance or Germanic languages. [12] Each component of this term was derived from the name of a Biblical son of Noah as detailed in the Book of Genesis: Semitic from his first-born son Shem, and Hamitic from his second son Ham (Genesis 5:32).
[131], Afroasiatic languages have a variety of ways of marking plurals; in some branches, nouns change gender from singular to plural (gender polarity),[133] while in others, plural forms are ungendered. ), (root seen also in #984 + *n non-fin. Bendi Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. [89] Igor Diakonoff argues that the requirement to begin with a vowel goes back to Proto-Afroasiatic. p-Fula-Sereer Tiefo ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. [169] As there is no evidence for the "prefix conjugation" in Omotic, Chadic, or Egyptian, it is unclear whether this was a Proto-Afroasiatic feature that has been lost in those branches or is a shared innovation among Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic. Benfys title was later inverted to make Hamito-Semitic but over time racial connotations were applied to this name (Voegelin, p.13). Of all of the languages in the Afro-Asiatic line, Arabic is the most widely spoken language, stretching from Western Africa to the Middle East (ELL, p.51). Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago , that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. [41] In the Coptic period, there is evidence for six major dialects, which presumably existed previously but are obscured by pre-Coptic writing; additionally, Middle Egyptian appears to be based on a different dialect than Old Egyptian, which in turn shows dialectal similarities to Late Egyptian. (abbrev. derivation by addition of *-u- tr. Retard. Whether this proto-language is ancestral to Berber and Semitic only, or also to other branches of Afroasiatic, still remains to be established. It also fully incorporates the most up-to-date evidence from the distinctive African branches of the family, Cushitic, Chadic, and Omotic. p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Voltap-C. Oti-Volta)
PDF C. Ehret, S. O. Y. Keita, and Paul Newman. "The Origins of Afroasiatic redup. innovation: move > move toward), (probably demon., root #767+ *l n./adj. [77][127] Berber, and Egyptian, and most Semitic languages are verb-initial languages, whereas Cushitic, Omotic and some Semitic subgroups are verb-final languages. The Egyptian prefix has a middle voice/intransitive/or passive meaning. [28], Chadic languages number between 150 and 190, making Chadic the largest family in Afroasiatic. p-Daju This work provides the first truly comprehensive and systematic reconstruction of proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian). [121] In contemporary Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, tone is primarily a grammatical feature: it encodes various grammatical functions, only differentiating lexical roots in a few cases. [10][11], Friedrich Mller introduced the name "Hamito-Semitic" to describe the family in his Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, published in 1876. [132] Additionally, even when nouns are not cognates, they tend to have the same gender throughout Afroasiatic ("gender stability"). [150] Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-. p-Grassfields Root Structure Patterning in Proto .
Common Indo-European-Afroasiatic Roots, Supplement I (1986) - Academia.edu Proto-Afroasiatic is a reconstructed language. > *itsan-; Omotic innovation: stem + *m n. [74], There is no consensus on when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011. . Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). innovation: *agaw- 'cooked grain,' stem + *w n.
The Origins of Afroasiatic | Science [174] It is found in Egyptian, Semitic, and possibly, in some relic forms, Berber. [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. p-Edoid
Proto-Afro-Asiatic language | Britannica p-Heiban Proto-Afroasiatic English gloss Notes 1. suff. [37][34] Only one Cushitic language, Oromo, has more than 25 million speakers; other languages with more than a million speakers include Somali, Saho-Afar, Hadiyya, and Sidaama. TV. Diamond and Bellwood adopt Militarev's ( 2) solitary counterclaim of proto-Afroasiatic cultivation. See . Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. alternative feminine endings *-ay/*-y; corresponding vowel templates for verbal conjugations) which can be reconstructed for a higher-order proto-language (provisionally called "Proto-Berbero-Semitic" by Kossmann & Suchard (2018) and Van Putten (2018)). [128] In most branches, gender is an inherent property of nouns. p-Songhay Classification and Index of the Worlds Languages. p-Omotic In Cushitic and Semitic, nouns exist in the "free state" or the "construct state". Ongota [26] The second is the Guanche language, which was formerly spoken on the Canary Islands and went extinct in the 17th century CE. South Bauchi
Afroasiatic | Ethnic group of Africa - Native Breed.org [168] Prefixes of - (glottal stop) for the first person singular and y- for the third person masculine can also be reconstructed. p-Masa as denom. [99] Various Semitic, Cushitic, Berber, and Chadic languages, including Arabic, Amharic, Berber, Somali, and East Dangla, also exhibit various types of vowel harmony. Looking at present languages and going backward helps us know what languages were like anciently (Atlas, p.75). [20], The Berber (or Libyco-Berber) languages are spoken today by perhaps 16 million people. [159] The Egyptian verbal system diverges greatly from that found in the other branches. [7] Nevertheless, both dictionaries agree on some items and some proposed cognates are uncontroversial. p-Cushitic innovation: 'send' > 'direct,' hence 'command, rule'), (Agaw *a allows PAA vowel reconstructions *a, *aa, *o, or *e), (Sem., Eg. . It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques of the historical-comparative method. 1995. [8][9] Other proposed names which have not found widespread acceptance among the linguistic community include Erythraic, Lisramic, Noahitic, and Lamekhite. innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz), to be finished, come to an end, be used up, (Sem., Cush. An Encyclopedia of Language. [189] In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borrowed from Arabic. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. [144], A second category, which partially overlaps with case, is the AA linguistic category of "state."
Christopher Ehret | UCLA History innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. of #724 by adding *-(a)C- where C = preceding stem-final C, is implied in Eg. p-Guang ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. This language family has now been renamed Afro-Asiatic, because this term is less culture specific (Dalby, p.6). [6], Scholars generally consider Afroasiatic to have at least five and as many as eight separate branches, with the five universally agreed upon branches consisting of the Berber (also called "Libyco-Berber"), Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. In current scholarship, the most common names used for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. p-Cangin 4 This was Hodge's term for the ancestral proto-language of Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-European based on Proto-Lislakh *lis- 'language' + *laxwos 'people'. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic ), also known as Hamito-Semitic, [3] or Semito-Hamitic, [4] and sometimes also as Afrasian or Erythraean, [5] are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara / Sahel. to different specific animals), (possible vowel reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Ch. "[81] The African languages of Afroasiatic are not more closely related to each other than they are to Semitic, as one would expect if only Semitic had remained in an Asian AA homeland while all other branches had spread from there. May 29th, 2020 - grammar lithuanian is a richly inflected language that has retained some of the plex morphology of its ancestral proto indo european nouns nouns are marked for gender number and case that are fused into one ending there are two genders masculine and feminine with a few neuter nouns there are three numbers singular dual and plural innovation: shift to outflow of water, not from body; root *-sa- seen in #540 + *t dur. Due to isolation, Icelandic has changed the least and is most similar to Old Norse, and therefore probably also to Proto-Germanic. Afroasiatic is generally considered to be comprised of the language families Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic.
(PDF) The Origins of Afroasiatic - ResearchGate Atlantic (Guinea) There was additional language contact within the Afro-Asiatic family when Arabs invaded Egypt in 640 A.D. Coptic, a daughter language of ancient Egyptian, had flourished until that time but was replaced eventually by Arabic (Voegelin ,p13).
I.5. Nostratic - Indo-European reflex), (root #723 + *x extend. suff. These classifications of language sub-sets vary according to different texts.
Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone [166], The so-called "Nisba" is a suffix used to derive adjectives from nouns and, in Egyptian, also from prepositions. innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. [117] Christopher Ehret proposed a five vowel system with long and short a, e, o, i, and u. [187] Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1-10, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6-9 from the numbers 1-5 in some way. except for Semitic, which is also spoken in the Middle-East and Malta, all branches of the [51] The classification within West Semitic remains contested. [9] ( Proto-Afroasiatic is a language and NOT an ethnicity: Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia There is no proof where the Afroasiatic languages originated, but the oldest Afroasiatic language writing has been found in Egypt and dated 6000 years. [173] While some scholars posit an AA origin for this form, it is possible that the Berber and Cushitic forms are independent developments,[130] as they show significant differences from the Egyptian and Semitic forms. New York: Elsevier, 1977. [103] Igor M. Diakonoff proposed that Proto-AA had a three vowel system of long and short a, i, and u.
9780520097995: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto - AbeBooks Gule [142][143] Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. They are not found in Chadic languages, and there is no evidence for cases in Egyptian. [99] There is no information on whether Egyptian had tones. [65] In 1844, Theodor Benfey first described the relationship between Semitic and the Egyptian language and connected both to the Berber and the Cushitic languages (which he called "Ethiopic"). p-Jukunoid 6), (Eg., Sem., Cush. El proto-afroasitico , a veces denominado proto-afrasiano , es el proto-lenguaje reconstruido del que descienden todas las lenguas afroasiticas modernas . Tula-Waja [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. p-Koman [141] However, the number and types of cases varies across AA and also within the individual branches.
The Afro Asiatic Biblical Hebrew Language & History Cognate Dictionary Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics The Roots of Hinduism Latin - nus, -na, -nus and -neus Tracing the Indo-Europeans Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo- . i, u) and a low vowel (a) in verbal forms is usually described as one of the main characteristics of AA languages: this change codes a variety of different functions. show more Olukumi 2.12. Like in the English example, feet foot, vowels make the difference between separate words. innovation: integration of *t dur. [128] Proto-Chadic is reconstructed as having verb-initial word order,[80] but most Chadic languages have subject-verb-object word order. There is also some evidence from. The Proto-Afroasiatic Consonant System. [152], A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic "templates" are placed. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. innovation: derivation of v. 'to sleep' by addition of *n non-fin.
Archive p-Gurunsi Archaeologists and anthropologists have long viewed the Bible as mankind's best guide to prehistoric religion, however, archaeologist Klaus Schmidt had no reason to . [92] Diakonoff argues that Proto-Afroasiatic syllables disallowed consonant clusters or vowels at the end of a syllable. p-Atlantic-Congo Tadaksahak, p-Niger-Congo [68] On the other hand, the classification relied on anthropological and racial features, such as skin color, hair type, and lifestyle. for expected *ii probably reflects phonetic influence of PC root in #254), (Sem., Eg. [176], Due to its presence in the oldest attested and best-known AA branches, nisba derivation is often thought of as a "quintessentially Afroasiatic feature". p-Upper Cross River [67][68], An important development in the history of Afroasiatic scholarship - and the history of African linguistics - was the creation of the "Hamitic theory" or "Hamitic hypothesis" by Lepsius, fellow Egyptologist Christian Bunsen, and linguist Christian Bleek. [166] There is a general pattern in which n- is used for the first person plural, whereas t- is used for all forms of the second person regardless of plurality or gender, as well as feminine singular. Their range extended from the Benue Trough and Lake Chad, to the Nile Valley, the Indus Valley, and Southern Europe during the African Aqualithic Period. p-Plateau (p-Tarokoid) p-Lower Cross River innovation: generalization of pl. The Sumerian and Etruscan languages, usually regarded as language isolates, are thought by some to be Nostratic languages as well. BLACK ATHENA The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization - V - $57.73. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [27] The first longer written examples of modern Berber varieties only date from the 16th or 17th centuries CE. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. [195] Writing in 2004, John Huehnergaard notes the great difficulty in establishing cognate sets across the family. *-kep-to cease, no longer function: 327. The "s-causative" may be reflected in Hausa (as -r), however this may be a language internal development. Afrasian. [89] In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal or fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel. [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies.
Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikiwand The construct state is a special, usually reduced form of a noun, which is used when the noun is possessed by another noun (Semitic) or is modified by an adjective or relative clause (Cushitic). It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the One hypothesis places it in the Levant, as the language of the Natufian hunter-gatherers who were the first to adopt a farming lifestyle more than 10,000 years ago. [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. Kujarge
Afroasiatic - Languagesgulper.com and touches on external evidence from Afroasiatic cognate languages.
Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone innovation: narrowing of meaning to particular kind of joining, by sewing), to split in two, split one from the other, (proposed source: #502, with regular PAA * > PBA *n; Eg., Berber, Sem. *kanf-/*kinf-wing: 325. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. Three dialects emerged (Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic) from the main one and this left Boreafrasian, the source of Berber, Egyptian and Semitic (Dalby ,p. 6). Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. [6] [69] This theory connected the "Hamites", the originators of Hamitic languages, with (supposedly cultural superior) "Caucasians", who were assumed to have migrated into Africa and intermixed with indigenous "Negroid" Africans in ancient times. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [154] In Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, and some Chadic languages, verbs have no inherent vowels at all; the vowels found in a given verb are dependent on the vocalic template. [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. [18][11], The alternative name "Lisramic" is based on the AA root *lis- ("tongue") and the Egyptian word rm ("person").
English and its relatives | Sciforums [120] Ronny Meyer and H. Ekkehard Wolff instead propose that Proto-Afroasiatic may have had no vowels as such, instead employing various syllabic consonants (*l, *m, *n, *r) and semivowels or semivowel-like consonants (*w, *y, *, *, *, *h, *, *, *, *h) to form syllables. [174] The Semitic genitive case in -i is probably related to "nisba" adjective derivation. p-Nilotic (p-E. Niloticp-S. Nilotic) [118], Attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably. This family was formally described and named "Semitic" by August Ludwig von Schlzer in 1781. If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 Some languages have an additional feminine plural form in -t that is not listed here. These three groups are classified as being in Africa while Afro-Asiatic is listed under the term Eurasia (Atlas, p.74). innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. Kunama Fig. innovation: narrowing of meaning to loud kinds of response), (2nd shape: stem + *r n. p-Chadic Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. suff. n. pref. Defaka Proto-Cushitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1987) Appendix 3. Proto-Chadic reconstruction is in its infancy, Proto-Cushitic is even less developed, and according to Glottolog it's not demonstrable that Omotic languages are even related to each other, let alone as part of Afro-Asiatic. p-Agaw
Lenguaje proto-afroasitico - gaz.wiki [66] Some scholars would continue to regard Hausa as related to the other Afroasiatic languages, but the idea was controversial: many scholars refused to admit that the largely unwritten, "Negroid" Chadic languages were in the same family as the "Caucasian" ancient civilizations of the Egyptians and Semites. ; possible n. derivation < v. in #1004). Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). [147][148] Berber instead contrasts between the "free state" and the "annexed state," the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions. [13] Each of Noah's sons was traditionally presented as being the common ancestor of several apparently-related people groups, with Shem understood by the original audience as being the common ancestor of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, among others, and Ham seen as the ancestor of the Egyptians and Cushites. [198] Andrzej Zaborski refers to Orel and Stolbova's reconstructions as "controversial", and Ehret's as "not acceptable to many scholars". [167] These prefixes are clearly cognate across the branches, although their use within the verbal systems of the individual languages varies. [127], Afroasiatic Languages use the processes of reduplication and gemination (which often overlap in meaning) to derive nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs throughout the AA language family.