[8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. ", Dai, Yingcong. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. White Lotus - Wikiwand The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. //]]>. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Kublai Khan - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. White Lotus - Wikipedia Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Updates? [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. View original page. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - globalsecurity.org Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. 12 talking about this. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Updates? This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Corrections? Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. "[5] #ga-ad {display: none;} 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . "Tianlijiao ", in. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Encyclopedia.com. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. 22 Feb. 2023 . Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. . Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Encyclopedia.com. id - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming.