what did california look like in the 1800s what did california look like in the 1800s

3 - Franois-Xavier Fabre (French, 1766-1837). The neckline of dresses, for both day and night, was quite low and could be either square or V-neck. May 1804: U.S. explorers Lewis and Clark head west on their two-year, 8,000-mile expedition to explore the new Louisiana Purchase territory. Source: ArtUK. Photograph Roads, Canals, and Rails in the 1800s Waterways and a growing network of railroads linked the frontier with the eastern cities. French colonial homes are an eclectic mix, combining European ideas with practices learned from Africa, the Caribbean, and the West Indies. The 1753 Jacob Keim farmstead in Oley, Pennsylvania, is typical of this vernacular colonial style. | READ MORE, Esri is a GIS-mapping company based in Redlands, California, 2023 Smithsonian Magazine Housing styles, like fashion, change routinely in the United States. old saddles and gear of 1800s - Pinterest Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Fashion historian Philippe Sguy wrote that early 1800s dress would have been at home in the days of Hadrian (le Bourhis 73). Gift of the Brooklyn Museum, 2009. Beau Brummell, ca. He and his men were not adequately dressed and did not have the proper gear to make it to the summit in November. While Paris was the center of womens fashion, the best cottons originated in Britain and India; Napoleon forbade the wearing of foreign cotton in order to stimulate French manufacturing. Cotton gauze embroidered with wool and cotton. From 1920 to 1925, Inglewood was the fastest growing city in the United States. Three industries, in particular, thrived in the 1930s and attracted thousands of new settlers: agriculture, oil production . Napoleon gave the silk industry a much-needed boost in an imperial decree that French silk be worn at formal ceremonies (Fig. In places, there were large lakes that are no longer there. Federalist homes rose two stories high. The Journal Des Dames et Des Modes: Fashioning Women in the Arts, c. 18001815., Siegfried, Susan. Before 1850 many US citizens did not dream of Christmas at all. For older California families like mine there was an expression, "out in t. The Route. By about 1855, more than 300,000 people had arrived. In the world of California water, much of the conversation -- nay: argument, really -- centers on this place called the Delta. Neckwear was his chief vanity; his exactitude about the quality of his cravat became the stuff of fashion legend. California was home to 5.3 million women, 4.9 million men, and 421,025 children who . It was separated from the rest of the San Joaquin Valley by tectonic subsidence and alluvial fans extending out from Los Gatos Creek in the Coast Ranges and the Kings River in the Sierra Nevada. Pastel on paper, laid down on canvas; 60.6 x 45.1 cm. Coastal exploration by the Spanish began in the 16th century, with further European settlement along the coast and in the inland valleys following in the 18th century. Fashion legends abound that tell of women leaving off their stays entirely, and appearing with very little underwear at all; while it seems that some women really did abandon their stays, the practice was not widespread or mainstream. Enjoying a chardonnay or cabernet sauvignon? As toddlers, boys and girls were dressed in similar clothes. We recently asked David Rumsey, a map expert who has been collecting maps since the 1980s, to describe the nature of the map to us. In what was a typical pattern, the Gold Rush slackened as the most-workable deposits were exhausted and organized capital and machinery replaced the efforts of individual miner-adventurers with more efficient and businesslike operations. The of growth that took place in California during the 19th century brought numerous changes to the state. After learning to cultivate Sonora and Club wheats in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s, California grain growers focused most of their innovative efforts on mechanization, and purportedly did little to improve cultural Look at the statements below about the 1930s. 1805 The Battle of Trafalgar delivers a decisive victory to Great Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, and established British naval superiority for decades. Most were Americans, though a number of settlers also came from China, Europe, and South America. The destruction of the terrestrial wetlands and the lake ecosystem habitats resulted in substantial losses of terrestrial animals, plants, aquatic animals, water plants, and resident and migrating birds. The main form of dress construction was the stomacher or fall front dress. Given by Henry Witte Martin, 1861. Even so, a relatively large group of Chinese immigrated to the United States between the start of the California gold rush in 1849 and 1882, when federal law stopped their immigration. In 1860-1869, 19th century, garment analysis, In 18th century, 19th century, ancient, Asia, K, P, S, term definition, In 1900-1909, 20th century, artwork analysis, In 1890-1899, 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 19th century, 20th century, thematic essays, In 1900-1909, 1910-1919, 20th century, blog, Last updated Aug 18, 2020 | Published on Jun 25, 2020, Callahan, Colleen R. Childrens Clothing. in. A hallmark of early nineteenth-century menswear was the dangling seals and fobs at the waist, which were attached to the watch tucked into a pocket in the waistband (Figs. The braid, frogging, Brandenburg buttons, and tassels served as inspiration in civilian mens and womenswear for years (Johnston 14, 20). What was like back then: People got gunned down over hands of . The Sartorial Self: Neoclassical Fashion and Gender Identity in France, 17971804., De Young, Justine. Many activities during this time had to do with using natural resources to build new communities for the influx of new residents. As a result, a 1793 statute allowed Spanish dollars as well as other foreign currencies to be included in the United States monetary system. In 2018, 10.6 million immigrants (foreign-born individuals) comprised 27 percent of the population. For those who had to purchase their food, one record notes the following retail prices in 1818 in Washington, D.C.: beef cost 6 to 8 cents a pound, potatoes cost 56 cents a bushel, milk was 32 cents a gallon, tea 75 cents to $2.25 a pound. New homes in the New World were as diverse as the incoming population. The California Gold Rush. Towards the end of the decade, Spanish ornamentation, such as slashed sleeves, and a heavy use of fur imported from Russia, Poland, and Prussia was the result of Napoleons incursions in those countries (le Bourhis 108-109; C.W. Washoe Indians--The Chief's Family. She is the author of two books on home decor and sustainable design. Set your time machine back to the most recent ice age, 10-20,000 years ago, and you'll find yourself in a San Francisco you would scarcely recognize. After that age, boys wore trousers under their frocks; girls did as well but since their hemlines descended to ankle-length, it was harder to discern their trousers, or drawers as they would later be called (P. Cunnington 161; Buck 109). 2 - Artist unknown (British). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/guide-to-colonial-american-house-styles-178049. 6 Curl your hair and twist it into an updo. 1804 Napoleon becomes Emperor. However, the new era brought forth by the Revolution saw the English style find its full expression. Throughout much of the 1800s, consumptive . California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. This consisted of a bodice front attached to the skirt which was partially cut in a flap; once the wearer pulled on the sleeves and fastened the inner bodice lining, the skirt flap was pulled up where it was fastened with ties around the waist and the bodice front was pinned into place (Johnston 166; C.W. Gothic ornament began to appear by 1810, and fanciful elements of pastoral dress were also seen (Byrde 24). TB in America: 1895-1954. More than a quarter of California residents are immigrants, while nearly one in four residents is a native-born U.S. citizen with at least one immigrant parent. More Famous People of California. The building covers nearly 27,000 square feet of floor space, running about 2,000 feet larger than when it was originally planned on the drawing board. For all the problems, and there were many, the cities promoted a special bond between people and laid the foundation for the multiethnic . Lightweight muslin gowns did not provide much protection from the cold, and shawls became a necessary accessory; not only did they provide warmth, they added to the classical draped effect. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/guide-to-colonial-american-house-styles-178049. Professor John Wilson (nom de plume, "Christopher North"), 1785-1854, ca. 5 - Designer unknown (English). The three basic elements were the coat, the waistcoat, and breeches or pantaloons. To facilitate their booming population, the city used Lake Michigan to its advantage in many ways, from filling in shoreline to create more land to the Lake Tunnel and Tunnel crib, shown in the upper-right part of the map, which were used to channel fresh water from the lake back to the city. This eight-block area has over 100 shops, restaurants, and many museums. 3) (Waugh 119). Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Fig. Silk. Spanish settlement of California was easier as American Indian groups there lacked the guns and horses necessary to raid the missions. California and the American Southwest are also home to Pueblo Revival homes that combine Hispanic styling with Native American ideas. Historical Map of the Area of today's United States 500 - 1300 A.D. Illustrating among others. In the San Joaquin Valley, the state and counties built canals to deliver that water and divert the remaining flows for agricultural irrigation and municipal water uses. Most of the Kern River's flow first went into Kern Lake and Buena Vista Lake via the Kern River and Kern River Slough southwest and south of the site of Bakersfield. The Gold Rush had a profound impact on California, dramatically changing its demographics. California was part of New Spain until that kingdom dissolved in 1821, becoming part of Mexico until the Mexican-American War . Oil on canvas; 119 x 143 cm. Placer Mining in Columbia, Tuolumne County. Find more more California famous people below. In the 1880s, swimmers posed in the water near Anaheim Landing, near what is now Seal Beach. At its front end was a jockey box to hold tools. Notably, the campaigns of Napoleon Bonaparte brought inspiration from all over the world. After Spanish and English occupation and destruction, the current house was built during the 1700s. Also see the 19th-century overview page for more research sources or browse our Zotero library. 3). Rabbit Hunting Party. Printed cotton. Indeed, this shift also furthered separated court costume from general wear. Colorado Springs History & Heritage Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street, 1910 From sea otter and beaver pelts to cattle hides, the early American traders "made a profit of 200 to 300 percent . Homes constructed in the Federalist architectural style pioneered the 19th century American architecture scene. Those settlements that lacked other viable economic activities soon became ghost towns after the gold was exhausted. In the 1850 s, Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. Others came seeking . Fashionable menswear now consisted of un-ornamented wool in dark colors; gone were the floral silk embroideries and fussy lace accessories of the eighteenth century (Laver 149; Byrde 89-91). Finally, frustrated with trying to communicate his desires to the state bureaucrats, he gave up and named the city after his family. While every attempt at accuracy has been made, the Timeline is a work in progress. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These were an element of the skeleton suit, a garment that originated in the 1780s (Fig. 310 Old saddles and gear of 1800s ideas | saddles, horse gear, native american horses old saddles and gear of 1800s 317 Pins 4y B Collection by NOTORIOUS MOUNTAINEER Similar ideas popular now Horse Tack Western Saddle Native American Beading Horse Armor Horse Bridle Horse Gear Breyer Horses Horse Saddles Horse Halters Embroidered Horse Given by Miss M. D. Nicholson. The gold panner patiently crouching alongside a river is symbolic of the Gold Rush, and yet gold pans were probably the most . Eugene L. Armbruster/The New York Historical Society/Getty Images. 1-2). An African American man identified as "Andy" stands working at a sluice box in Auburn during the Gold Rush. Homes built prior to the late 1800s fall into two basic categories. Lieut-Colonel Bryce McMurdo, ca. These included breeches, a waistcoat with short skirts, and a coat with curving back fronts. However the wooden rails soon wore out, and another bright spark had the idea to nail strips of iron on top of the wooden rail-roads. These homes, which may be called Federal or Adam, were given porticoes, balustrades, fanlights, and other decorations. The final image, a glimpse of early criminal justice in Yuba County, shows the public hanging of Ah Ben, a Chinese immigrant, for murder. Middle- to upper-class Americans built homes for families in this style, which featured an elegant design. A matching silk suit, differentiated from pre-Revolutionary suits only by minor evolutions in cut and the scale of the embroidered motifs, was required at the Tuileries Palace (Fig. They constructed the types of homes they remembered, but they also innovated and, at times, learned new building techniques from Native Americans. Breeches and pantaloons were often made of jersey or wool cut on the bias, providing an incredibly close fit, which when combined with the cream color often chosen, gave a revealing, almost nude effect; like the draperies of womens gowns, this effect recalled Greek or Roman statues (Byrde 90; Ashelford 185). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Portrait of Count Andrey Bezborodko, 1804. Visit the OldNYC site here, or look below for some of the best photos we saw from the late 1800s and early 1900s, marked with their locations in the city. Purchased with the aid of the Art Fund (Scottish Fund) 1992. From 1920 to 1925, Inglewood was the fastest growing city in the United States. The quirks of homes built before the late 1800s - Democrat and Chronicle Deeply passionate about history and the arts, Harper is dedicated to bringing stories from the past to life. Above a threshold elevation of 207 to 210 feet, it overflowed into the San Joaquin River. Fashion Plate: "London Dresses for September" for "Ladies Museum", September 1808. Empire Style, 18001815. The Mets Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, n.d. Vintage Fashion Guild. What Did San Francisco Look Like in the Mid-1800s? 8. Enough water remained so the Alameda Naval Air Station used Tulare Lake as an outlying seaplane base during World War II and the early years of the Cold War. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Tulare Lake - Wikipedia Omissions? The well-built period house may be found in an urban, village or rural environment and will usually have two to three feet of . Columbus Tustin. For example, his occupation of Egypt popularized turbans for evening wear, and sketches of Egyptian ruins inspired palm motifs (Tortora 313; Foster 13). Others came to California during the gold rush to strike it rich. Or a newly digitized periodical/book to announce? 1800-1810. Why did the Spanish choose to settle in New Mexico and California during that late 1700s? Abraham Lincoln, near view, 281 feet high, 44 feet circumference, Calaveras, Big Tree Grove, John Fischer Family, Group Portrait. Updated August 23, 2019. In the area now known as Rhode Island, limestone was a readily available building material. Source: Los Angeles Public Library, Fig. We recently asked David Rumsey, a map expert who has been collecting maps since the 1980s, to describe the nature of the map to us. Large steamships carried goods and people from port to port. For centuries, the Tachi tribe or Tache, a Yokuts people, built reed boats and fished in this lake prior to the arrival of Spanish and American colonists. Both wore calf-length dresses, often called frocks. Of course, this new style of dress did force a change in underwear. . The men usually went naked, although some did wear a breechcloth of bark or skin wrapped around the waist. Source: Wikimedia, Fig. Horses and horse-drawn conveyances remained the primary method of transportation through most of the century, at least for local travel. Spanish colonization of "Alta California" began when the Presidio at San Diego, the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Coast, was established in 1769. Fashion and the Reinvention of Court Costume in Portrayals of Josephine de Beauharnais (17941809).. Fashion Plate: "Full dress and Morning Riding dress" for "Le Beau Monde", December 1801. Through 1945, toothpaste contained soap. Cunningham also includes before and after paintings, such as El Cerrito Plaza in the 21st century and the same spot thousands of years earlier. Californians witnessed tremendous change to their state during the decade of the Great Depression. 1808 John Heathcoat patents a bobbin-net machine, allowing net to be manufactured much more affordably. In Mammoth Grove, people enjoying the outdoors pose with a giant redwood. 1833 Blue Silk Coat. Cunningham has created realistic paintings of the early California landscape, beautifully recreated in the book. A Rare Look Inside Victorian Houses From The 1800s (13 Photos) We've always lived in and been fascinated by old houses. The first British settlers in New England built timber-frame dwellings similar to the ones they had known in their home country. Pinterest. Tulare Lake (/tlri/ (listen)) (Spanish: Laguna de Tache, Yokuts: Pah-h-su) is a freshwater dry lake with residual wetlands and marshes in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, United States. Unlike some of the ostentatious dandies of later eras, Brummells emphasis was on restraint and simple elegance. Los Angeles started out as El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reyna de Los Angeles del Rio de la Porciuncula in 1781. Penne Restad tells how and why this changed - and played its role in uniting the States in social cohesion. Likewise, the lawless and violent mining camps gave way to permanent settlements with organized government and law enforcement. Outerwear was important for girls as the short-sleeves and low necklines of fashionable dress offered little protection. Produce moved on small boats along canals and rivers from the farms to the ports. Court costume, ca. The Great Lakes and Mississippi. Source: Wikipedia, Fig. Father of the Forest--near view. Farmers have irrigated the area for a century, so soil salination is becoming a concern. The Mets Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Chapman brought the animals here from the Peruvian Andes. Maps 1946-1950. 1800-1809 Womens Fashion, 1800s. For a simple Victorian look, keep a straight middle part and use a curling iron to create ringlets. Bathing gowns covered up quite a bit in the 1800s. 2). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 32.35.10. Lambert, Anne Thrse de Marguenat de Courcelles, John Scott, and Edward Augustus Kendall. She discovered some animals that once lived in California but no longer do, like the Gong, an albatross-like bird that has a distinctive cry. 4) (Byrde 25-27; C.W. Let's take a brief look at the history of this bustling, beach town on California's central coast. Shoes ran $2.50 a pair. What did California look like before people? - Berkeleyside The result is A State of Change: Forgotten Landscapes of California, a remarkable picture book published in October by Berkeley's Heyday Press. The chemise dress, in part, reflected a neoclassicism that was beginning to emerge in fashion. Cotton muslin with silk embroidery. Travel across the United States with gold miners to explore the dynamics of the California Gold Rush, Observe mining methods used during the California Gold Rush, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Gold-Rush, California Department of Parks and Recreation - Gold Rush Overview, California Gold Rush - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 1800 Washington D.C. is established as the capital of the United States. Eastman Johnson (American painter, 1824-1906) Christmas Time the Blodgett Family 1864 Detail The Christmas that Americans celebrate today . Costume Institute/Watson Library @ the Met (. Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fig. Once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes, in 1849, the lake was 1,476km2 (570sqmi), and in 1879, 1,780km2 (690sqmi), as its size fluctuated due to varying levels of rainfall and snowfall. Harper holds a Masters degree in Fashion and History Studies: History, Theory and Museum Practice from the Fashion Institute of Technology. 1882. These new hairstyles were referred to asla Titus or Brutus, underscoring their classical inspirations (Davidson 57; Laver 153). Her remains are found 9,000 years later in 1914. LeRoy, Louis Hippolyte. In, Jensen, Heather Belnap. Mammoth Grove, Calaveras county, Tennis Court at Laguna Beach in the early 1880s, Portrait of Slough School students in 1868 in Sutter County (Calif.), 159. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity. However, while many Americans looked down on all immigrants, the Chinese were considered racially as well as culturally inferior. Watercolor; 32.5 x 23.5 cm. 6). 2, 5). Figure 2. The origin of this garment was the chemise dress of the 1780s, worn by influential women such as Marie Antoinette and Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (Ashelford 174-175). Facts About California in the 1930s. Costume Institute Fashion Plate collection, http://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ihd/periodical/titleinfo/1911099, http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpjournal_00000029?XSL.referer=jportal_jpvolume_00055071&XSL.vol.start=10, http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpjournal_00000029?XSL.referer=jportal_jpvolume_00055071&XSL.vol.start=20, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010518913, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100964504, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009712310, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008016903, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101919645, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion&oldid=815717738, http://madparis.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/collections/dossiers-thematiques/chronologie-de-la-mode-1715-1914/, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/chronology/#?time=10, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/empr/hd_empr.htm, https://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-timeline/1800-to-1810/, http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-19th-century-fashion/, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/19sil/hd_19sil.htm, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T2081334, http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinerta/kleinertab5/, http://archive.org/details/taylorsinstructo00quee, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-accessories/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-fashion-plates/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-mens-fashion/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-portraits-of-women/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-womens-fashion/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1809-underwear/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1899-fabrics-textiles/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/1800-1899-jewelry/, https://www.pinterest.com/pocketmuseum/patterns-tutorials-1800-1900/, https://www.pinterest.com/maellen/historic-costume-19th-century/, 1884 John Singer Sargent, Madame X (Virginie Gautreau), 1867 White piqu afternoon dress with black cording, Downtown, Uptown: From the Dry Goods Store to the Palace of Consumption, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. From the East, prospectors sailed around Cape Horn or risked disease hiking across the Isthmus of Panama. Its formal inception was in 1911. Updates? Waistcoats were single-breasted and cut straight across the waist, peeking out beneath the closed coat. Transportation in the early 1800s was primarily by horse and sail, but the development and refinement of the steam engine spurred the development of rail and river transportation. In the early years, the most fashionable sleeve was short for both day and night. The law was the local sheriff and people had to look to protect themselves against bandits and outlaws. Colgate introduced its toothpaste in a tube similar to modern-day toothpaste tubes in the 1890s. While white was undoubtedly the most modish color for dresses, it was difficult and costly to maintain. 3, 8) (Byrde 27). Tennis Court at Laguna Beach in the early 1880s. What Did People Eat In The 1800s? Paris: Louvre Museum, INV. London: The Tate, T02207. That curiosity about the landscape continued as Cunningham got a degree in paleontology at Cal and natural science illustration degree at UC Santa Cruz. So in the early 1990s, Cunningham began to research what California looked like when it was teeming with elk and antelope rather than cars and people. On January 24 his carpenter, James W. Marshall, found flakes of gold in a streambed. 6). But by that time you were so worn out by all the work, you were ready. One of the results of the French Revolution was to divide the sexes in terms of their clothing. While the English, Germans, and Dutch were building a new nation along the eastern shores of North America, French colonists settled in the Mississippi Valley, especially in Louisiana. Answer: A. These homes include tall first-floor windows, dual roofs, sloped or curved roofs, porches and decorated rooflines. 6 - Artist unknown (British). Chronologie de La Mode 1715-1914, n.d. During the final years of the 1800s, industrial cities, with all the problems brought on by rapid population growth and lack of infrastructure to support the growth, occupied a special place in U.S. history. Although it was estimated that some $2 billion in gold was extracted, few of the prospectors struck it rich. The high immigration statistics in the 19th century were largely fueled by large numbers of Irish and . This was due to California's economy, which was healthy when compared to other states. Hand-colored etching. The US Coast Survey was a very young organization in 1859, but they spent a lot of time making charts of San Francisco, Rumsey says. Before the Victorian era, children as young as 6 or 8 years old might work in a mill or factory, they might run errands and make deliveries for a store keeper, they may be apprenticed to a skilled . 8 - Sir Henry Raeburn (Scottish, 1756-1823). The first. There are paintings of marshes full of birds and small mammals and paintings of native grasses. How to Dress Like a Woman in the 1800s: 14 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow The territory was neglected by Spain for more than two centuries (until 1769) because of reports of the region's poverty and a general slowdown of Spanish . Purchased with funds provided by Suzanne A. Saperstein and Michael and Ellen Michelson, with additional funding from the Costume Council, the Edgerton Foundation, Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer, Maureen H. Shapiro, Grace Tsao, and Lenore and Richard Wayne. 2 - Robert Dighton (British, 1752-1814). TB in America: 1895-1954 | American Experience | PBS It was a very basic design used to carry soil from the top of a hill to Boston harbor. Introduction--Early History of the California Coast--A UNDERCARRIAGE = was composed of the wheels, axle assemblies, the reach (which connected the two axle assemblies), the hounds (which fastened the rear axle to the reach and the front axle .